Nomenclature
Short Name:
TGM2
Full Name:
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2
Alias:
- C polypeptide, protein-glutamine-gamma-glutamyltransferase
- Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase
- Tissue transglutaminase
- transglutaminase 2
- TG(C)
- TGase C
- TGase-H
- TGC
Classification
Type:
Protein-serine/threonine kinase
Group:
Atypical
Family:
SubFamily:
NA
Specific Links
| Kinexus Products: | TGM2 |
Structure
Mol. Mass (Da):
77,329
# Amino Acids:
687
# mRNA Isoforms:
3
mRNA Isoforms:
77,329 Da (687 AA; P21980); 61,678 Da (548 AA; P21980-2); 38,671 Da (349 AA; P21980-3)
4D Structure:
1D Structure:
3D Image (rendered using PV Viewer):
PDB ID
Subfamily Alignment
Domain Distribution:
| Start | End | Domain |
|---|
Kinexus Products
Click on entries below for direct links to relevant products from Kinexus for this protein kinase.
hiddentext
Post-translation Modifications
For detailed information on phosphorylation of this kinase go to PhosphoNET
Acetylated:
K202.
Serine phosphorylated:
S56, S60, S212, S215, S216, S419, S427, S538, S541, S608.
Threonine phosphorylated:
T368.
Tyrosine phosphorylated:
Y219, Y369.
Distribution
Based on gene microarray analysis from the NCBI
Human Tissue Distribution
% Max Expression:
Mean Expression:
Number of Samples:
Standard Deviation:
% Max Expression:
Mean Expression:
Number of Samples:
Standard Deviation:
50
1095
61
1550
5
114
27
165
100
2197
16
2618
16
349
167
560
21
461
43
415
19
419
156
1693
10
220
59
464
80
1765
66
2163
15
337
31
236
7
157
153
272
26
573
51
685
58
1273
314
1662
14
310
60
673
7
155
19
191
31
689
37
3116
4
86
30
129
21
457
230
631
9
206
30
269
9
193
163
543
13
281
215
333
16
353
35
507
14
313
43
443
35
762
28
1290
7
146
29
170
14
301
33
398
53
1157
97
2854
6
140
63
272
19
426
31
583
80
1765
31
3005
23
504
56
239
16
341
48
344
26
563
66
523
0.1
3
68
1
39
865
109
663
5
99
61
99
Evolution
Species Conservation
PhosphoNET % Identity:
PhosphoNET % Similarity:
Homologene %
Identity:
PhosphoNET % Identity:
PhosphoNET % Similarity:
Homologene %
Identity:
100
100
100
94.6
96
98
89.6
91.1
-
-
-
88
-
-
-
84.5
91.6
85
-
-
-
84.1
91.6
84
32.1
47.3
83
-
-
-
-
-
-
64.8
77.2
65
61.7
75.4
62
53.8
67.9
55
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
For a wider analysis go to PhosphoNET Evolution in PhosphoNET
Regulation
Activation:
NA
Inhibition:
NA
Synthesis:
NA
Degradation:
NA
Known Upstream Kinases
For further details on these substrates click on the Substrate Short Name or UniProt ID. Phosphosite Location is hyperlinked to PhosphoNET
predictions.
Based on in vitro and/or in vivo phosphorylation data
| Kinase Short Name | UniProt ID (Human) | Phosphosite Location | Phosphosite Sequence | Effect of Phosphorylation |
|---|
Known Downstream Substrates
For further details on these substrates click on the Substrate Short Name or UniProt ID. Phosphosite Location is hyperlinked to PhosphoNET
predictions.
Based on in vitro and/or in vivo phosphorylation data
| Substrate Short Name | UniProt ID (Human) | Phosphosite Location | Phosphosite Sequence | Effect of Phosphorylation |
|---|
Disease Linkage
General Disease Association:
Gastrointestinal, skin, and neuronal disorders
Specific Diseases (Non-cancerous):
Celiac disease (SPRUE); Huntington's disease (HD); Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH); Chorea-Acanthocytosis (CHAC); Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD); Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NFD); Focal myositis; Acanthocytosis
Comments:
Celiac Disease (SPRUE) is a rare gastrointestinal disorder resulting in an autoimmune reaction inhibiting absorption of nutrients in the small intestine leading to diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, food (gluten) intolerance, and swelling. Huntington's Disease (HD) is a rare neuronal disease resulting in the death of neurons and subsequent cognitive impairment, loss of motor control, and emotional stress. Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH) is a rare skin disorder that results in blistering skin, but can also affect bone and t cells. Chorea-Acanthocytosis (CHAC) is related to the Huntington’s disease and neuroacanthocytosis disorder. CHAC can lead to liver enlargement, acute hepatic failure, and chronic diarrhea. Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is a rare neuronal and muscle disease that has symptoms including muscle weakness, droopy eyelids, difficulty swallowing, and malnutrition. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NFD) is a rare skin and nephrological disease where the skin swells, and tightens, while the skin, kidney, and eye tissues are also affected. Focal Myositis has been related to arthritis and adenocarcinoma. It can include symptoms like myositis, muscle pain, and weight loss. Acanthocytosis is characterized by canthocytes (abnormally-shaped red blood cells) where growth rate is decreased, weight is gained, loss of appetite, vomiting, and foul-smelling, bulky stools.
Gene Expression in Cancers:
The COSMIC website notes an up-regulated expression score for TGM2 in diverse human cancers of 422, which is 0.9-fold of the average score of 462 for the human protein kinases. The down-regulated expression score of 0 for this protein kinase in human cancers was 100% lower than the average score of 60 for the human protein kinases.
Mutagenesis Experiments:
Insertional mutagenesis studies in mice have not yet revealed a role for this protein kinase in mouse cancer oncogenesis.
Mutation Rate in All Cancers:
Percent mutation rates per 100 amino acids length in human cancers: 0.1 % in 24587 diverse cancer specimens. This rate is only 37 % higher than the average rate of 0.075 % calculated for human protein kinases in general.
Mutation Rate in Specific Cancers:
Highest percent mutation rates per 100 amino acids length in human cancers: 0.52 % in 555 stomach cancers tested; 0.47 % in 864 skin cancers tested; 0.47 % in 1266 large intestine cancers tested; 0.27 % in 603 endometrium cancers tested; 0.14 % in 1512 liver cancers tested; 0.13 % in 548 urinary tract cancers tested; 0.12 % in 833 ovary cancers tested; 0.11 % in 273 cervix cancers tested; 0.1 % in 1609 lung cancers tested; 0.09 % in 1337 breast cancers tested; 0.08 % in 710 oesophagus cancers tested; 0.07 % in 881 prostate cancers tested.
Frequency of Mutated Sites:
None > 4 in 19,843 cancer specimens
Comments:
Only 1 insertion, and no deletions or complex mutations are noted in COSMIC website.